The Myth of Green China

Recommendable! Sweet and short! To the point! Anyone, who traveled extensively in China in recent times can easily confirm this too.

"That is, a lot of U.S. [Western] environmentalists use the “climate crisis” as a lever to abolish capitalism and change the whole nature of American [Western] society. ..." Who pays these Western agitators? Some Western billionaires, China, Russia ...

The Myth of Green China | American Enterprise Institute - AEI

Through the roof!

Wie viel CO₂ Elektroautos wirklich sparen? Wenig!

Ich wette sehr wenig wenn alle relevanten Fakten/Daten berücksichtigt werden!

Klimawandel (Alarm und Hysterie) ist nur ein vorgeschobener Grund für mehr Elektroautos! Eine der größten Lügen/Schwindel/Skandal unserer Zeit! Der wahre Grund ist eher Rohöl und fortschreitende globale Motorisierung!

Wie viel CO₂ Elektroautos wirklich sparen | FAZ (behind paywall) "Die Internationale Energieagentur sieht bis zum Jahr 2035 weiter steigende Emissionen aus dem Verkehr. Potentielle Einsparungen mit Elektroantrieb machen nur wenige Prozent der Emissionen auf der Welt aus."

How to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ammonia production by as much as 63%

Good news! However, it appears to come at a significant cost!

"Ammonia is one of the most widely produced chemicals in the world, used mostly as fertilizer, but also for the production of some plastics, textiles, and other applications. Its production, through processes that require high heat and pressure, accounts for up to 20 percent of all the greenhouse gases from the entire chemical industry, so efforts have been underway worldwide to find ways to reduce those emissions.

Now, researchers at MIT have come up with a clever way of combining two different methods of producing the compound that minimizes waste products, that, when combined with some other simple upgrades, could reduce the greenhouse emissions from production by as much as 63 percent, compared to the leading “low-emissions” approach being used today. ..."

From the abstract:

"This work presents a costing and emissions analysis of three ammonia production pathways. These include blue ammonia production via autothermal reforming, green ammonia production via low temperature electrolysis of water and a combined blue-green process. The combined blue-green process utilizes oxygen produced by electrolysis as part of the feed to the autothermal reformer. Air is also fed to the autothermal reformer to provide nitrogen for ammonia synthesis in the downstream Haber–Bosch process. This approach eliminates the need for an air separation unit.

Detailed Aspen models were developed for each production pathway to determine feedstock and utility requirements. These inputs were integrated into the H2A Production Cash Flow Analysis Tool to calculate the levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA).

Emissions analysis accounted for process emissions from the Aspen simulations, upstream emissions from grid electricity usage, and upstream emissions from feedstock. Validation of the model against literature values confirmed the accuracy of key performance metrics, including feedstock conversion efficiency, levelized electricity consumption, and carbon capture rate. The results indicate that the combined blue-green process reduces the LCOA by 7% compared to standalone blue and green ammonia plants while also lowering life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions by 63% relative to conventional blue ammonia production.

This emissions reduction comes at a cost of approximately $112 per tonne of CO2 avoided─substantially lower than alternative decarbonization options such as direct air capture.

The study also highlights the critical role of methane leak rates and renewable electricity sources. Low methane leaks are essential for ensuring the environmental viability of blue and blue-green ammonia pathways. Additionally, while the importance of renewable electricity for green ammonia is well established, this study confirms its importance for blue ammonia based pathways as well. The economic and environmental advantages of the combined blue-green process suggest it is a promising and affordable transitional technology for decarbonizing ammonia production and scaling up green hydrogen capacity for future applications."

How to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ammonia production | MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology "Proposed system would combine two kinds of plants, creating greater efficiency and lowering costs while curbing climate-changing emissions."

A Comprehensive Costing and Emissions Analysis of Blue, Green, and Combined Blue-Green Ammonia Production (open access)

The Trump administration may cut funding for two major direct-air CO2 capture plants

Good news! Bravo! What a waste of taxpayers money and what a fools errand! Plant some trees please!

"The list features a "latest status" column, which includes the word "terminate" next to the roughly $50 million award amounts for each project. Those line up with the initial tranche of Department of Energy funding for each development. According to the original announcement in 2023, the projects could have received $500 million or more in total grants as they proceeded.

It’s not clear if the termination of the initial grants would mean the full funding would also be canceled. ..."

The Trump administration may cut funding for two major direct-air capture plants | MIT Technology Review

The Most Important Satellite You’ve (Probably) Never Heard Of: OCO with Matt O'Dowd

Very recommendable! Matt claims that President Trump's administration is planning on phasing out this program. This might be a mistake indeed if there is not substitute or if other countries are not willing to participate.

Volcanoes on land and on the seafloor emit much more CO2 than anticipated and their effect on climate change

We still know very little about climate, climate change and our planet in general!

Apparently, volcanoes emit much more CO2 than what was known before. Plus, there are many more volcanoes on the seafloor.

Keep in mind: Global warming is a hoax and climate change is a religion! It is being used as a pretext by Big Government and the elite to interfere with our lives. It is among the greatest scams and scandals of at least the last 30 years!

"... Published in the journal, Science Advances, scientists have developed an advanced sensor that can detect volcanic gases with rapid speed and precision.

Using the sensor mounted on a helicopter, the research team measured emissions at Soufrière Hills Volcano on the Caribbean Island of Montserrat, revealing that the volcano emitted three times more CO2 than earlier studies had estimated.

Scientists typically monitor volcanic emissions by focusing on hot vents, known as fumaroles, which release high concentrations of easily detectable acid gases like sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and hydrogen chloride (HCl). However, many volcanoes also have cooler fumaroles, where water-rich hydrothermal systems on the volcano absorb the acidic gases, making them harder to detect. As a result, CO₂ emissions from these cooler sources are often overlooked, leading to significant underestimations in volcanic gas output. ..."

From the abstract (1):

"We performed helicopter-borne optical MultiGAS measurements of volcanic gas emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, revealing distinct spikes in SO2 and HCl concentrations within a larger CO2-rich plume. Acid-rich concentration spikes matched the distribution of high-temperature fumaroles, whereas CO2 is emitted broadly from high- and low-temperature fumaroles.

The CO2 flux was 15 to 41 kilograms per second from hot fumaroles and 61 to 131 kilograms per second for the overall plume. The typical CO2 flux calculation of multiplying CO2/SO2 ratio with SO2 flux underestimates total CO2 flux by at least threefold.

We quantified substantial magmatic gas scrubbing by the hydrothermal system, with 56 to 79% of initial HCl and 33 to 68% of initial SO2 lost. This study highlights the importance of precise acid-gas measurements for detecting heterogeneous degassing and suggests that traditional CO2 flux measurements may substantially underestimate contributions from cold CO2 degassing, leading to underestimated global volcanic fluxes."

From the abstract (2):

"Seamounts are isolated elevations in the seafloor with circular or elliptical plans, comparatively steep slopes, and relatively small summit area ... The vertical gravity gradient (VGG), which is the curvature of the ocean surface topography derived from satellite altimeter measurements, has been used to map the global distribution of seamounts ... 

We used the latest grid of VGG to update and refine the global seamount catalog; we identified 19,325 new seamounts, expanding a previously published catalog having 24,643 seamounts. Seven hundred thirty-nine well-surveyed seamounts, having heights ranging from 421 to 2,500 m, were used to estimate the typical radially symmetric seamount morphology. First, an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis was used to demonstrate that these small seamounts have a basal radius that is linearly related to their height—their shapes are scale invariant.  ..."

New technology reveals volcanic CO2 emissions could be three time higher than anticipated

Quantification of low-temperature gas emissions reveals CO2 flux underestimates at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat (1, open access)

Global Distribution and Morphology of Small Seamounts (2, open access)

Unpacking the Sources of Atmospheric CO₂

Recommendable!

Webb telescope captures its first direct images of carbon dioxide outside our solar system

Besides global warming, we have now cosmic warming? We are doomed, no escape possible! 😊 Caution: irony.

"Key Takeaways

• The Webb Telescope captured its first direct images of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet.
• The findings suggest planets in a system 130 light-years away likely built up solid cores before attracting gas, much like our solar system’s gas worlds.
• Webb’s coronagraphs allow direct atmospheric analysis, paving the way for deeper studies of distant worlds.

"

From the abstract:

"High-contrast observations with JWST can reveal key composition and vertical mixing dependent absorption features in the spectra of directly imaged planets across the 3–5 μm wavelength range. We present novel coronagraphic images of the HR 8799 and 51 Eri planetary systems using the NIRCam Long Wavelength Bar in an offset "narrow" position. These observations have revealed the four known gas giant planets encircling HR 8799, even at spatial separations challenging for a 6.5 m telescope in the mid-infrared, including the first ever detection of HR 8799 e at 4.6 μm. The chosen filters constrain the strength of CO, CH4, and CO2 absorption in each planet's photosphere. The planets display a diversity of 3–5 μm colors that could be due to differences in composition and ultimately be used to trace their formation history.

They also show stronger CO2 absorption than expected from solar metallicity models, indicating that they are metal enriched. We detected 51 Eri b at 4.1 μm and not at longer wavelengths, which, given the planet's temperature, is indicative of out-of-equilibrium carbon chemistry and an enhanced metallicity. Updated orbits fit to the new measurement of 51 Eri b validate previous studies that find a preference for high eccentricities (), which likely indicates some dynamical processing in the system's past. These results present an exciting opportunity to model the atmospheres and formation histories of these planets in more detail in the near future, and are complementary to future higher-resolution, continuum-subtracted JWST spectroscopy."

Webb telescope captures its first direct images of carbon dioxide outside solar system | Hub "The images suggest key giant exoplanets likely formed like Jupiter and Saturn"

JWST-TST High Contrast: Living on the Wedge, or, NIRCam Bar Coronagraphy Reveals CO2 in the HR 8799 and 51 Eri Exoplanets' Atmospheres (open access, but this website uses a strange and cumbersome humans test)

The clearest look yet in the infrared at the iconic multi-planet system HR 8799.

Figure 9. SED of 51 Eri b and best-fitting Exo-REM models. The top panel illustrates the transmission functions for each photometric filter. (Hint: CO2 is shown on the middle panel to the far right)

EPA's endangerment finding of CO2 from 2009 needs to go. Will the Trump EPA finally act?

Probably, one of the craziest findings of the EPA in its history! If there is a definition for insanity, this is one of them.

CO2 is a life essential trace gas!

"Having declared carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) to be harmful pollutants, the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) 2009 endangerment finding has been the cornerstone of wrongheaded climate regulation, an impediment to economic growth and destroyer of livelihoods. All the result of rulemaking that puts ideology ahead of science.

Empowered to impose sweeping restrictions on GHG emissions from all manner of human activity, the EPA has been free to impose unreasonable demands on electric generation, transportation, manufacturing and agriculture – just to name more prominent targets. Under the Obama and Biden administrations, with CO2 emissions being the focus, fossil fuels in general and coal in particular were hammered by this regulatory cudgel. ...

President Trump’s EPA administrator, Lee Zeldin, was given 30 days to make recommendations regarding the endangerment finding on “the legality and continuing applicability” of the rule, and the clock is ticking. ..."

EPA's endangerment finding needs to go - Clintel "The new EPA head recommends the Whitehouse rewrite the important past conclusion that ‘CO2 endangers the public’. Vijay Jayaray of the CO2 Coalition explains the backgroud of this important ‘endangerment finding’ of 2009."

Less Nutritious Crops: Another Result of Rising CO2

More alarmism and hysteria about CO2!

CO2 is a life essential trace gas!

This latest nonsense is based on a 2018 meta study using extremely high and unrealistic CO2 levels!

"... The amount of nutrient decline varies by experiment and plant, and most experiments double the current CO2 levels. A 2018 review of 50 articles published in Frontiers in Plant Science found that when carbon levels rise, protein levels drop by nearly 10%, iron by 16%, zinc by about 9%, and magnesium by about 9%. ..."

From the abstract:

"Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) enhances the yield of vegetables and could also affect their nutritional quality. We conducted a meta-analysis using 57 articles consisting of 1,015 observations and found that eCO2 increased the concentrations of fructose, glucose, total soluble sugar, total antioxidant capacity, total phenols, total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and calcium in the edible part of vegetables by 14.2%, 13.2%, 17.5%, 59.0%, 8.9%, 45.5%, 9.5%, and 8.2%, respectively, but decreased the concentrations of protein, nitrate, magnesium, iron, and zinc by 9.5%, 18.0%, 9.2%, 16.0%, and 9.4%. The concentrations of titratable acidity, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, lycopene, anthocyanins, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, copper, and manganese were not affected by eCO2. Furthermore, we propose several approaches to improving vegetable quality based on the interaction of eCO2 with various factors, including species, cultivars, CO2 levels, growth stages, light, O3 stress, nutrient, and salinity. Finally, we present a summary of the eCO2 impact on the quality of three widely cultivated crops, namely, lettuce, tomato, and potato."

Less Nutritious Crops: Another Result of Rising CO2 | Hopkins Bloomberg Public Health Magazine "Rising carbon levels are eroding nutritional values of staple crops, threatening millions with hidden hunger."

Effects of Elevated CO2 on Nutritional Quality of Vegetables: A Review

Credits: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Global Health NOW

An electrifying new ironmaking method could slash carbon emissions

Good news! However, this process involves saltwater and chlorine! Scaling up this process still needs to be evaluated.

"... Making iron, the main ingredient of steel ... producing 8% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. Now, a team of chemists has come up with a way to make the business much more eco-friendly. By using electricity to convert iron ore and salt water into metallic iron and other industrially useful chemicals, researchers report today in Joule that their approach is cost effective, works well with electricity provided by wind and solar farms, and could even be carbon negative, consuming more carbon dioxide (CO2) than it produces. ...
and being amenable to working with intermittent renewable electricity [??? really]. “It checks all the boxes.” ..."

"Using electrochemistry ... have developed a way to make iron metal for steel production without burning fossil fuels.

The series of chemical reactions turns saltwater and iron oxide — cheap and abundant ingredients — into pure iron metal.

If scaled up, the process could help decarbonize one of the largest and most emissions-intensive industries worldwide.  ...
Decarbonizing this step would do roughly as much to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as converting every gas-guzzling vehicle on the roads to electric ...
a setup where electricity drives complementary chemical reactions. On one side of the reactor, iron oxide gets turned into iron and sodium hydroxide. On the other side, sodium chloride — table salt — gets turned into chlorine. ...
Importantly, the byproducts of the chemical reaction can all be repurposed. The sodium hydroxide that’s generated can go back into the reactor or be collected and used in carbon-capture technology. And chlorine is valuable in other industrial processes. ...
The lab also is building prototype devices and working with partners in industry to explore scaling up the approach.  ..."

From the highlights and abstract:

"Highlights

• A new cell based on the chlor-alkali process yielded a scalable ironmaking process

• Industrially relevant rates towards iron production were shown in full cells

• Iron was repeatedly collected as free-standing films with >95 wt % purity

Summary

The iron and steel industry accounts for ∼8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Electrochemical reduction of iron ore to metal for electric arc furnaces can enable sustainable steel production, but existing electrochemical processes require expensive capital or electrolytes. We report a low-temperature, electrochemical cell that consumes low-cost and abundant iron oxide and aqueous sodium chloride, while co-producing sodium hydroxide and chlorine. Industrially relevant current densities and Faradaic efficiencies for iron production were demonstrated, with 94% selectivity to iron metal at an applied current density of 200 mA cm−2. Freestanding films of phase-pure iron were formed after 4 h of continuous, stable electrolysis. The process can lead to levelized costs of iron that are competitive with iron produced in fossil-fuel-powered blast furnaces, and the co-produced sodium hydroxide can be used for CO2 capture from the air or ocean, creating a net-negative-emission process."

An electrifying new ironmaking method could slash carbon emissions | Science | AAAS: By extracting metallic iron without producing carbon dioxide, the new process could even be carbon negative, at least for part of the world’s iron production

UO researchers use electrochemistry to decarbonize iron production

Electrochemical chlor-iron process for iron production from iron oxide and salt water (no public access)

Kenya to become a direct-air-capture hub to remove CO2 from the atmosphere

Two quick remarks about CO2 capture: 

1) It is very feasible to use human ingenuity to remove any amount of CO2 from the atmosphere as desired or needed. Thus, just from this perspective basically all the enormous hysteria and alarmism about this life essential trace gas are propaganda and demagoguery!

2) But it is an utopian, make no sense Sisyphean task. A huge waste of money and resources

When African companies see a great business opportunity created by the Global Warming hoax and Climate Change religion driven by the West. Kenyan companies go for it!

"Octavia Carbon, a Kenya-based start-up, has an audacious goal. It wants to become the first company to deploy direct-air-capture (DAC) technology—a method of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere—outside the US and Europe. ..."

Can Kenya become a direct-air-capture hub? Start-up Octavia Carbon says the country has all the attributes to make it happen

Engineers develop an efficient process to make fuel from carbon dioxide

Now we can put the climate hysteria to rest! Human ingenuity took care of the CO2 scare!

"The search is on worldwide to find ways to extract carbon dioxide from the air or from power plant exhaust and then make it into something useful. One of the more promising ideas is to make it into a stable fuel that can replace fossil fuels in some applications. But most such conversion processes have had problems with low carbon efficiency, or they produce fuels that can be hard to handle, toxic, or flammable.

Now, researchers at MIT and Harvard University have developed an efficient process that can convert carbon dioxide into formate, a liquid or solid material that can be used like hydrogen or methanol to power a fuel cell and generate electricity. Potassium or sodium formate, already produced at industrial scales and commonly used as a de-icer for roads and sidewalks, is nontoxic, nonflammable, easy to store and transport, and can remain stable in ordinary steel tanks to be used months, or even years, after its production. ..."

"Highlights

• Impacts of CO2 partial pressure on local pH and carbon efficiency are gauged

• CO2, bicarbonate, and carbonate equilibrium are key to achieving high carbon efficiency

• Bicarbonate-to-formate electrochemical conversion generates no net acid or base

• Formate is a potential solid fuel for seasonal energy storage

Summary

Carbon efficiency is one of the most pressing problems of carbon dioxide electroreduction today. While there have been studies on anion exchange membrane electrolyzers with carbon dioxide (gas) and bipolar membrane electrolyzers with bicarbonate (aqueous) feedstocks, both suffer from low carbon efficiency. In anion exchange membrane electrolyzers, this is due to carbonate anion crossover, whereas in bipolar membrane electrolyzers, the exsolution of carbon dioxide (gas) from the bicarbonate solution is the culprit. Here, we first elucidate the root cause of the low carbon efficiency of liquid bicarbonate electrolyzers with thermodynamic calculations and then achieve carbon-efficient carbon dioxide electroreduction by adopting a near-neutral-pH cation exchange membrane, a glass fiber intermediate layer, and carbon dioxide (gas) partial pressure management. We convert highly concentrated bicarbonate solution to solid formate fuel with a yield (carbon efficiency) of greater than 96%. A device test is demonstrated at 100 mA cm−2 with a full-cell voltage of 3.1 V for over 200 h."

Engineers develop an efficient process to make fuel from carbon dioxide | MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology The approach directly converts the greenhouse gas into formate, a solid fuel that can be stored indefinitely and could be used to heat homes or power industries.

A carbon-efficient bicarbonate electrolyzer (open access)

Graphical abstract

How did carbon dioxide become public enemy no. 1?

Let us all remember again CO2 is a totally harmless life essential trace gas in our atmosphere! Without it life on earth as we know it would not exist! More CO2 is actually good for e.g. growing plants and food!

For years, we told that CO2 is responsible for a coming global apocalypse! It is causing a so called climate crisis. Life on earth will end if we do not anything about it! Hogwash! This is the 21st century and so many of us still believe in doomsayers like in the Middle Ages! Superstition at its worst!

The ideological and pathological obsession with the dangers of this gas are absolutely paranoid! This insanity about this gas has to come to an end! The earlier, the better!

The massive exploitation of human fears and existential concerns is abhorrent and disgusting! It is has been actively and on a grand scale abused to justify extraordinary government powers in Western countries! This has to stop!

CO2 is certainly not the sole or major cause of the natural variability of earth's climate! This is absurd!

Does the carbon dioxide released from carbonated soft drinks affect climate change?

Is it not very convenient that the net zero zealots do not to require net zero for the massive amounts of soft drinks we consume on a daily basis?

If these alarmists are so concerned about CO2 emissions why are they ignoring carbonated soft drinks? This is a very peculiar and revealing omission!

How come? The article from BBC Science Focus below tries to downplay the impact as too minor in a ridiculous and quite misleading way! I have not yet done my own calculations, but I have a strong hunch that the CO2 released by the production and/or consumption of soft drinks worldwide is not negligible as  they want us to believe.

Would it not be very easy and quick to prohibit the production of carbonated soft drinks? You would not even have to wait for several years like with the forced phasing out of the production of gasoline internal combustion engine cars and trucks?

Is the business lobby for soft drinks so strong or is it that an immediate prohibition of soft drinks would not be taken lightly by the population? Perhaps, more members of the population would start thinking harder about the Global Warming hoax and Climate Change religion.

"A typical carbonated soft drink contains approximately 3–4 volumes (6–8 g/L) CO2." (Source) "The global carbonated soft drinks market had total revenues of $301,361.7m in 2018 ... a total of 195,579.4 million liters in 2018." (Source)

Does the carbon dioxide released from fizzy drinks affect the atmosphere? | BBC Science Focus Magazine

The global greening of our planet and larger crop yields thanks to carbon dioxide

Contra the relentless demonization of carbon dioxide by the many fanatics and pseudoscientists of the Global Warming Hoax and Climate Change religion!

There is mounting evidence of the significant beneficial effects of an increase of CO2 in the atmosphere for humanity!

One the common sense recommendations would be plant more trees not animal killer wind energy farms! 😊

"... Global greening and global agricultural production

Productivity of natural ecosystems is a relevant indicator of response to changes in meteorological variables (temperature, precipitation, global solar radiation, etc.). From this point of view, it can be said that global plant biomass has changed significantly in recent decades with a phenomenon known as global greening which indicates the significant increase in productivity of ecosystems (agricultural and natural) that in recent decades was mainly highlighted by satellite monitoring [63]. The review of Walker et al. [64] stated that at the roots of this global phenomenon is the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration that is increasing leaf-scale photosynthesis and intrinsic water-use efficiency. The direct response to these phenomena is the increase in plant growth, vegetation biomass and soil organic matter. The final effect is a transfer of carbon from the atmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems carbon sink, which can slow the rate of atmospheric CO2 growth.

Satellite data show “greening” trends over much of the planet [65, 66] that are pushing back deserts around the world (both hot deserts of tropical latitudes and cold deserts of more northern latitudes). The relevance of the greening is confirmed by Campbell [67] which using carbonyl sulphide records as a proxy of photosynthetic activity, showed a 31% increase in gross primary production during the twentieth century. ...

It should also be noted that Zeng et al. [69], using a terrestrial carbon cycle model, showed that agriculture is responsible of about the 50% of the increased absorption of CO2, which shows its essential eco-systemic role. In fact, agriculture emits only a small fraction of what it previously absorbed with photosynthesis. Agriculture each year absorbs 7.5 GT of carbon which rises to 12 GT if we also consider pastures [70] while the overall emissions of the agricultural sector amount to 1.69 ± 0.38 GT [71]. ..."

A critical assessment of extreme events trends in times of global warming | SpringerLink (open access)

The Ozone Layer Revisited

Posted: 9/14/2014

Trigger

Just read Earth's ozone layer on track to recovery, scientists report. The summary reads (emphasis added): “Earth's protective ozone layer is well on track to recovery in the next few decades thanks to concerted international [government] ]action against ozone depleting substances, according to a new assessment by 300 scientists.”

It refers to “The Assessment for Decision-Makers, a summary document of the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2014, is being published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)”

Further: “Without the Montreal Protocol [on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer of 1987] and associated agreements, atmospheric levels of ozone depleting substances could have increased tenfold by 2050. According to global models, the Protocol will have prevented 2 million cases of skin cancer annually by 2030, averted damage to human eyes and immune systems, and protected wildlife and agriculture, according to UNEP.”

The Playbook For CO2 Government Intervention

Again, the Montreal Protocol apparently relied on computer model forecasts etc. like the Global Warmists. We know how inaccurate these computer models are at least since the Club of Rome Limits to Growth Report of 1972. These reports are in general very self serving for all the central planners of all stripes.

In essence this Protocol mandated a forced phase out of certain chemicals. I am not sure whether other options were seriously contemplated or pursued.

I am afraid the Montreal Protocol served as a model for continued heavy government intervention in the environment see e.g. the irrational CO2 craze.