We still know very little about climate, climate change and our planet in general!
Apparently, volcanoes emit much more CO2 than what was known before. Plus, there are many more volcanoes on the seafloor.
Keep in mind: Global warming is a hoax and climate change is a religion! It is being used as a pretext by Big Government and the elite to interfere with our lives. It is among the greatest scams and scandals of at least the last 30 years!
"... Published in the journal, Science Advances, scientists have developed an advanced sensor that can detect volcanic gases with rapid speed and precision.
Using the sensor mounted on a helicopter, the research team measured emissions at Soufrière Hills Volcano on the Caribbean Island of Montserrat, revealing that the volcano emitted three times more CO2 than earlier studies had estimated.
Scientists typically monitor volcanic emissions by focusing on hot vents, known as fumaroles, which release high concentrations of easily detectable acid gases like sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and hydrogen chloride (HCl). However, many volcanoes also have cooler fumaroles, where water-rich hydrothermal systems on the volcano absorb the acidic gases, making them harder to detect. As a result, CO₂ emissions from these cooler sources are often overlooked, leading to significant underestimations in volcanic gas output. ..."
From the abstract (1):
"We performed helicopter-borne optical MultiGAS measurements of volcanic gas emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, revealing distinct spikes in SO2 and HCl concentrations within a larger CO2-rich plume. Acid-rich concentration spikes matched the distribution of high-temperature fumaroles, whereas CO2 is emitted broadly from high- and low-temperature fumaroles.
The CO2 flux was 15 to 41 kilograms per second from hot fumaroles and 61 to 131 kilograms per second for the overall plume. The typical CO2 flux calculation of multiplying CO2/SO2 ratio with SO2 flux underestimates total CO2 flux by at least threefold.
We quantified substantial magmatic gas scrubbing by the hydrothermal system, with 56 to 79% of initial HCl and 33 to 68% of initial SO2 lost. This study highlights the importance of precise acid-gas measurements for detecting heterogeneous degassing and suggests that traditional CO2 flux measurements may substantially underestimate contributions from cold CO2 degassing, leading to underestimated global volcanic fluxes."
From the abstract (2):
"Seamounts are isolated elevations in the seafloor with circular or elliptical plans, comparatively steep slopes, and relatively small summit area ... The vertical gravity gradient (VGG), which is the curvature of the ocean surface topography derived from satellite altimeter measurements, has been used to map the global distribution of seamounts ...
We used the latest grid of VGG to update and refine the global seamount catalog; we identified 19,325 new seamounts, expanding a previously published catalog having 24,643 seamounts. Seven hundred thirty-nine well-surveyed seamounts, having heights ranging from 421 to 2,500 m, were used to estimate the typical radially symmetric seamount morphology. First, an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis was used to demonstrate that these small seamounts have a basal radius that is linearly related to their height—their shapes are scale invariant. ..."
Quantification of low-temperature gas emissions reveals CO2 flux underestimates at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat (1, open access)
Global Distribution and Morphology of Small Seamounts (2, open access)
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