Showing posts with label Age of Enlightenment. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Age of Enlightenment. Show all posts

Saturday, April 11, 2026

Zum Publizisten Sebastian Franck (1499-1542)

Empfehlenswert!

"Wenn man an Reformation denkt, kommt den meisten Luther in den Kopf – ein paar besonders historisch Interessierte verbinden damit vielleicht noch Namen wie Calvin, Zwingli und Melanchton. Dabei war die Gruppe der Protagonisten, die die Stimmung des Wandels aufgriffen und mitprägten, deutlich bunter, vielfältiger und übrigens auch moderner und ungleich sympathischer als diese entweder konservativen (Luther) oder fundamentalistischen (Calvin) Herren.

Eine herausragende Persönlichkeit jener Zeit war der nordschwäbische Publizist Sebastian Franck (1499-1542). Der autoritätskritische Idealist war den weltlichen und geistlichen Autoritäten ein Dorn im Auge, wo auch immer er sich gerade aufhielt. Er fand kaum Unterstützung oder Sympathie für seine Ansichten, die heute fast durchgängig akzeptiert sind – in den verschiedenen Kirchen wie auch in der gesamten Gesellschaft.

So postulierte er etwa, dass selbstverständlich auch „Türken und Heiden“ ein rechtes und gottgefälliges Leben führen könnten – eine Vorstellung, die die wenigsten damals auch nur ihren Mit-Christen in einer anderen Konfession einräumen wollten.

Franck war tatsächlich ein Vorreiter der Aufklärung, weil er sich gegen das strukturell konservative Verständnis von Luther wandte, allein die Bibel sei eine Quelle der Offenbarung. Im Gegenteil: Für Franck spielte das „innere Wort“ des Menschen, also sein Gewissen und seine Vernunft, die wesentliche Rolle bei der immer besseren Erkenntnis des Glaubens.

Entsprechend wandte er sich auch vehement gegen jegliches Wahrheitsmonopol. Aus seiner Sicht war absolute Gewissensfreiheit unumgänglich, weil sie allein garantierte, dass keine Autorität den Fortschritt der Erkenntnis hemmen konnte und es zu einem echten Wettbewerb der Ideen kommt. Francks Welt- und Menschenbild war so anti-autoritär und pluralistisch, wie unsere Gesellschaft erst im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde." (Quelle)

Wednesday, June 04, 2025

Iran’s Battle for Reform Began Long Before 1979

Recommendable! Enlightenment in Iran.

Iran’s Battle for Reform Began Long Before 1979 "Mirza Malkam Khan believed Iran could embrace reason, law, and liberty before the world was ready to listen"


Mirza Malkam Khan (1834–1908)


Thursday, April 25, 2024

Immanuel Kant's radical philosophy

Recommendable! Unfortunately, very basic! You have to give some credit to this attempt to present the philosophy of Immanuel Kant! Sapere aude! (Dare to know!)

Wednesday, February 21, 2024

The Enlightenment: Stumbling in the Darkness

Recommendable! In particular, this video stresses the importance of coffee shops and citizen societies during the Enlightenment.

That some leading figures of the Enlightenment did not abolish slavery or even benefited from slavery does not really diminish the achievements of the Enlightenment. I also bet that other figures did their part to abolish slavery. The same goes for the mentioned white supremacy of some of the figures. It is very popular in our time to attach white supremacy to historical events and figures in hindsight.

Wednesday, January 31, 2024

The Rise and Fall of Japan's First 'Enlightenment' by Lawrence Reed

Recommendable!

When talking about the Age of Enlightenment, Japan is usually not mentioned.

"... The Japanese seem instead to have stumbled toward freedom more for practical reasons than for ideological ones. Individuals began to exert their personal independence not because they attended the salons and tea houses of enlightened thinkers, but because central control was weakened with the fall of the last Kamakura shogunate. People then just did more of what they tend to do naturally when politicians get out of their way—they start businesses and engage in trade.

That brings us to the Muromachi Era, the period beginning with the fall of the Kamakura regime [1185 to 1333] and persisting for almost 250 years—until 1573. In some limited ways, it was Japan’s first Enlightenment, appearing and then disappearing before one ever got underway in Europe.

The one intellectual who enjoyed prominence in the Muromachi period was the ancient Chinese scholar Confucius (551 B.C. – 479 B.C.), whose nearly two-thousand-year-old writings staged a comeback. Confucianism during this time became an essential focus of learning in Japan. The philosopher’s essentially peaceful, self-improvement- and virtue-based teachings likely contributed to the growth of commerce. ...
Small businessmen and artisans organized trade associations for the first time in Japanese history, especially in the central part of the country where government control was weakest. Merchants during the Muromachi period, write professors Toyoda and Sugiyama, “sought economic and political independence, and we find among them…patterns of group association for self-protection.” Class distinctions even began to erode. Toyoda and Sugiyama reveal a “willingness to recognize able men of even the lowest orders of society and to allow them to exercise their talents.”

Austrian economist F. A. Hayek observed in the 20th Century that as shackles on freedom are removed in a society, it is not chaos that ensues but rather a “spontaneous order” that is ultimately more rational and beneficial than any state-run regimen. Signs of this very thing are apparent in the early Muromachi period in Japan.

Trade with China greatly increased during this time. “Japanese wood, sulfur, copper ore, swords, and folding fans,” writes Richard Mason in A History of Japan, “were traded for Chinese silk, porcelain, books, and coins, in what the Chinese considered tribute but the Japanese saw as profitable trade.”

Art and culture flourished as well, evidenced by such developments as Japanese ink painting, the indigenous stage drama known as Noh and the famous tea ceremony. ...
Not until the Meiji Restoration of 1868 would Japan see liberalization again ..."

By the end of the Muromachi Era, the Europeans arrived:
"By the end of the Muromachi period, the first Europeans had arrived. The Portuguese landed in Tanegashima south of Kyūshū in 1543 and within two years were making regular port calls, initiating the century-long Nanban trade period. In 1551, the Navarrese Roman Catholic missionary Francis Xavier was one of the first Westerners who visited Japan. ..." (Wikipedia)

The Rise and Fall of Japan's First 'Enlightenment' - Foundation for Economic Education What is the takeaway from Japan’s Muromachi Era? A little bit of freedom goes a long way.

Thursday, July 21, 2022

The earthquake that changed history: 1755 in Lisbon

Update of 11/7/2022: Apparently, Lisbon is prone to heavy earthquakes. "Chronologically, it was the third known large scale earthquake to hit the city (following those of 1321 and 1531)". Every about two hundred years? The next one is overdue?
The earthquake of 1755 shaked Christianity! All churches were destroyed on a major holy day of worshiping. Only the brothel survived so they say.


Recommendable! The day the modern age was born!
Why the heck were the Portuguese language speakers not translated by voice???? In this day and age with AI this is as easy as pie!


Wednesday, May 04, 2022

Republic of Poland's Constitution of 3 May 1791

Yesterday, the Constitution Day was celebrated again in Poland with festivities attended by e.g. President Duda and his wife.

Poland can be proud of being one the European countries with one of the oldest modern constitutions!

Who wrote this early constitution? E.g. members of the Polish Enlightenment. "Polish Enlightenment, however, developed in a very different background [from France or Great Britain or Germany]. The Polish political system was almost the opposite of the absolute monarchy: Polish kings were elected and their position was very weak, with most of the powers in the hands of the parliament (Sejm). Polish reforms desired the elimination of laws that transformed their system into a near-anarchy, resulting from abuse of consensus voting in Sejm (liberum veto) that paralyzed the Commonwealth ... Thus, while men of the Enlightenment in France and Prussia wrote about the need for more checks and balances on their kings, Polish Enlightenment was geared towards fighting the abuses stemming from too many checks and balances. ..."

Another interesting aspect is that the Polish people adopted the Latin alphabet in the 12th century instead of the Slavic Cyrillic script. The Czech people did the same.

What did the Polish people contribute to the Declaration of Independence and the  U.S. Constitution: Thaddeus Kosciuszko. ""As pure a son of liberty, as I have ever known..." - Thomas Jefferson
Visit the house in Philadelphia where wounded Polish freedom fighter Thaddeus Kosciuszko lived and hear how this brilliant military engineer designed successful fortifications during the American Revolution. See the room where he received notable visitors such as Chief Little Turtle and Thomas Jefferson."

Constitution of 3 May 1791 - Wikipedia

Tuesday, November 02, 2021

Polish Enlightenment

Probably not many people outside of Poland are even aware that besides the French, German, and the Scottish Enlightenment there was also a Polish Enlightenment.

Perhaps one of the most famous representatives extraordinaire is Tadeusz Kościuszko  (1746-1817). He together with the French Marquis de Lafayette,  the German/Prussian Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, and the British Thomas Paine were contributing to the success of the American Revolution!  

Marquis de Lafayette "is sometimes known as "The Hero of the Two Worlds" for his accomplishments in the service of both France and the United States." (Source) Such an epitaph applies to Kościuszko as well!

"... A close friend of Thomas Jefferson's, with whom he shared ideals of human rights, Kościuszko wrote a will in 1798, dedicating his U.S. assets to the education and freedom of the U.S. slaves. Kościuszko eventually returned to Europe and lived in Switzerland until his death in 1817. The execution of his testament later proved difficult, and the funds were never used for the purpose Kościuszko intended. ..."

Unfortunately, I do not have the time to explore this great and exciting subject in greater detail.

"The period of Polish Enlightenment began in the 1730s–40s, peaked in the reign of Poland's king, Stanisław August Poniatowski (second half of the 18th century), went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland (1795) ...
Ideas of that period led eventually to the Constitution of May 3, 1791 and other reforms (like the creation of the Commission of National Education, first ministry of education in the world) which attempted to transform the Commonwealth into a modern constitutional monarchy. Although attempts of political reform were thwarted by the civil war (Targowica Confederation) and military intervention of the Commonwealth neighbour, ending in the partitions of Poland, the cultural impact of that period persevered Polish culture for many years. ..." (Source)

The Enlightenment - Polish literature - Britannica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Potocki (1761-1815)

Credits: Jan Potocki: Werewolf of the Enlightenment (The History Guy)