Showing posts with label Harvard University. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Harvard University. Show all posts

Saturday, January 10, 2026

Meta and Harvard Researchers Introduce the Confucius Code Agent (CCA): A Software Engineering Agent that can Operate at Large-Scale Codebases

The progress made in automated software development seems to be stunning!

What will be the role of a future software developer/engineer?

How much will we be able to accelerate software development in coming years? I bet by a lot!

"... Meta and Harvard researchers have released the Confucius Code Agent, an open sourced AI software engineer built on the Confucius SDK that is designed for industrial scale software repositories and long running sessions. The system targets real GitHub projects, complex test toolchains at evaluation time, and reproducible results on benchmarks such as SWE Bench Pro and SWE Bench Verified, while exposing the full scaffold for developers.

Confucius SDK, scaffolding around the model

The Confucius SDK is an agent development platform that treats scaffolding as a primary design problem rather than a thin wrapper around a language model. It is organized around 3 axes, Agent Experience, User Experience, and Developer Experience. ..."

From the abstract:
"Real-world software engineering tasks require coding agents that can operate over massive repositories, sustain long-horizon sessions, and reliably coordinate complex toolchains at test time.
Existing research-grade coding agents offer transparency but struggle when scaled to heavier, production-level workloads, while production-grade systems achieve strong practical performance but provide limited extensibility, interpretability, and controllability.
We introduce the Confucius Code Agent (CCA), a software engineering agent that can operate at large-scale codebases. CCA is built on top of the Confucius SDK, an agent development platform structured around three complementary perspectives: Agent Experience (AX), User Experience (UX), and Developer Experience (DX).
The SDK integrates a unified orchestrator with hierarchical working memory for long-context reasoning, a persistent note-taking system for cross-session continual learning, and a modular extension system for reliable tool use.
In addition, we introduce a meta-agent that automates the synthesis, evaluation, and refinement of agent configurations through a build-test-improve loop, enabling rapid adaptation to new tasks, environments, and tool stacks.
Instantiated with these mechanisms, CCA demonstrates strong performance on real-world software engineering tasks. On SWE-Bench-Pro, CCA reaches a Resolve@1 of 54.3%, exceeding prior research baselines and comparing favorably to commercial results, under identical repositories, model backends, and tool access."

Meta and Harvard Researchers Introduce the Confucius Code Agent (CCA): A Software Engineering Agent that can Operate at Large-Scale Codebases - MarkTechPost







Monday, November 24, 2025

How Do You Spell ‘Harvard University’? With lots of A’s

Why not get rid of grades entirely?

"... A recent internal Harvard report found that more than 60% of grades given to undergraduates in the 2024-25 academic year were A’s—up from about 25% two decades ago. The median grade-point average at graduation, which was 3.29 in 1985, is now 3.83. Since 2016 the median GPA at Harvard has been an A ..."

How Do You Spell ‘Harvard’? With an Endless Supply of A’s - WSJ (behind paywall) "A new report looks at grade inflation, a problem that is proliferating far beyond the Ivy League."




Thursday, November 20, 2025

Harvard Law School Library releases first complete set of digitized Nuremberg Trials records

What took so long!!! This should have been published several decades ago!

"... In the first Nuremberg Trial, the International Military Tribunal (IMT) tried and convicted 19 of the most powerful and influential Nazi leaders and six German organizations. In the 12 subsequent proceedings convened by the U.S., prosecutors successfully charged and convicted nearly 200 defendants from the Nazi military, judiciary, medical community, and other sectors.

The Nuremberg Trials Project commenced in 1998 with the goal of preserving, creating, and presenting online versions of the library’s collection. At the time, the original documents were stored in boxes, rarely accessed, and beginning to “literally crumble,” according to the project’s longtime technical lead, Paul Deschner. ..."

Harvard Law School Library releases first complete set of digitized Nuremberg Trials records - Harvard Law School | Harvard Law School "The law school’s Nuremberg Trials Project has finalized the first complete, keyword searchable online collection of more than 750,000 pages of Nazi war tribunal documents"

Friday, October 10, 2025

Climate change intensifies plant–pollinator mismatch and increases secondary extinction risk for plants in northern latitudes. Really!

Global warming/climate change continues to produce alarmism and hysteria! Including prestigious journals like PNAS!

This time it is three researchers from the Harvard University!

Tomorrow the sky is falling!

I am sure the pollinators are not that stupid! They have been around for millions of years no matter how the climate changes!

From the significance and abstract:
"Significance
Climate change can directly contribute to primary extinction and indirectly raise secondary extinction risks for plants—the loss of plant species resulting from the disappearance or decline of their pollinators—by decoupling the timing of flowering and pollinator activity. However, secondary extinction risk remains understudied. Using specimen records of Viola species and their bee pollinators, we demonstrate an increased secondary extinction risk with increasing latitude, indicating that climate change is expected to disrupt plant–bee pollinator networks more severely in northern latitudes. Plants growing at different latitudes differ in their secondary extinction risk, which also varies with the relative importance of generalist and specialist pollinators. Improved conservation plans should account for both primary and secondary extinction under future climate change scenarios.

Abstract
Climate change is altering the timing of species’ life-cycle events (i.e., phenology), but the rates of phenological shifts vary across taxa. These mismatches in phenological response may disrupt interactions between interdependent species, such as plants and their pollinators, which may lead to reduced plant reproduction via pollen limitation and thus contribute to secondary extinction risks for plants. However, secondary extinction risk is rarely assessed under future climate-change scenarios.
Here, we used ca. 15,000 crowdsourced specimen records of Viola species and their solitary bee pollinators, spanning 120 y[ears] across the eastern United States, and integrated climate data, phenological information, and species distribution models to quantify the risk of secondary plant extinction associated with phenological mismatch with their bee pollinators.
We further examined geographical patterns in secondary extinction risk for plants and explored how their interactions between plants and generalist versus specialist pollinators influence such risk.
Secondary local extinction risk of Viola spp. increases with latitude, indicating that future climate change will pose a greater threat to plant–bee pollinator networks at northern latitudes.
Additionally, the sensitivity of secondary local extinction risk to phenological mismatch with both generalist and specialist bee pollinators varies by latitude, with specialist bees showing a sharper decline at higher latitudes.
Our findings demonstrate that existing conservation priorities based solely on primary extinction risk directly caused by climate change may be insufficient to support self-sustaining populations of plants.
Thus, incorporating secondary extinction risk resulting from ecological mismatches between plants and pollinators into future global conservation frameworks should be carefully considered."

Climate change intensifies plant–pollinator mismatch and increases secondary extinction risk for plants in northern latitudes | PNAS (no public access)




Monday, September 29, 2025

The health benefits of intermittent fasting. Really!

I believe intermittent fasting for its health benefits has been recognized and recommended for several decades at least!

"In 2018, Courtney Peterson published what proved to be a landmark paper in the burgeoning field of intermittent fasting [???]. The study, which found that pre-diabetic men could dramatically improve their blood sugar control by eating during a shorter daily window starting in the early morning, has now been cited more than 1,600 times according to Google Scholar. It also jump started her career: She now leads one of the largest randomized controlled trials of intermittent fasting in humans, in addition to other studies looking at how intermittent fasting and meal timing may benefit aspects of cardiometabolic health including weight loss, blood sugar, blood pressure, aging, and even cancer prognosis."

The health benefits of intermittent fasting | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health "Intermittent fasting researcher Courtney Peterson joins Harvard Chan School and will direct Department of Nutrition’s new research kitchen."

Saturday, September 27, 2025

Physicists demonstrate 3,000 quantum-bit system capable of continuous operation

Good news! Very impressive (resulted in three papers)! This could be a breakthrough! We are getting there!

When will I get my hands on the first personal quantum computer like the IBM PC way back then when I was a very young adult?

I just blogged here a few days ago about another, very recent breakthrough in quantum computing (also mentioned in the article below), a 6,100-qubit system by Caltech!

"One often-repeated example illustrates the mind-boggling potential of quantum computing: A machine with 300 quantum bits could simultaneously store more information than the number of particles in the known universe.

Now process this: Harvard scientists just unveiled a system that was 10 times bigger and the first quantum machine able to operate continuously without restarting. ...

the team demonstrated a system of more than 3,000 quantum bits (or qubits) that could run for more than two hours, surmounting a series of technical challenges and representing a significant step toward building the super computers, which could revolutionize science, medicine, finance, and other fields. ...

In the new study, the team devised a system to continually and rapidly resupply qubits using “optical lattice conveyor belts” (laser waves that transport atoms) and “optical tweezers” (laser beams that grab individual atoms and arrange them into grid-like arrays). The system can reload up to 300,000 atoms per second. ... “That really is solving this fundamental bottleneck of atom loss.” ... Over two hours, more than 50 million atoms had cycled through the system. ...

The new study advances a fast-developing frontier of research. In fact, this week a team from Caltech published a 6,100-qubit system, but it could only run for less than 13 seconds. ...

The approach allows the connectivity of the processor to be changed during the process of computation. In contrast, most existing computer chips — like the ones in your cellphone or desktop — have fixed connectivity. ..."

From the abstract (1):
"Neutral atoms are a promising platform for quantum science, enabling advances in areas ranging from quantum simulations and computation to metrology, atomic clocks and quantum networking.
While atom losses typically limit these systems to a pulsed mode, continuous operation could significantly enhance cycle rates, remove bottlenecks in metrology, and enable deep-circuit quantum evolution through quantum error correction.
Here we demonstrate an experimental architecture for high-rate reloading and continuous operation of a large-scale atom array system while realizing coherent storage and manipulation of quantum information.
Our approach utilizes a series of two optical lattice conveyor belts to transport atom reservoirs into the science region, where atoms are repeatedly extracted into optical tweezers without affecting the coherence of qubits stored nearby. 
Using a reloading rate of 300,000 atoms in tweezers per second, we create over 30,000 initialized qubits per second, which we leverage to assemble and maintain an array of over 3,000 atoms for more than two hours.
Furthermore, we demonstrate persistent refilling of the array with atomic qubits in either a spin-polarized or a coherent superposition state while preserving the quantum state of stored qubits.
Our results pave the way for realization of large-scale continuously operated atomic clocks, sensors, and fault-tolerant quantum computers."

From the abstract (2):
"Fast, reliable logical operations are essential for realizing useful quantum computers. By redundantly encoding logical qubits into many physical qubits and using syndrome measurements to detect and correct errors, we can achieve low logical error rates.
However, for many practical quantum error correction codes such as the surface code, owing to syndrome measurement errors, standard constructions require multiple extraction rounds—of the order of the code distance d—for fault-tolerant computation, particularly considering fault-tolerant state preparation. 
Here we show that logical operations can be performed fault-tolerantly with only a constant number of extraction rounds for a broad class of quantum error correction codes, including the surface code with magic state inputs and feedforward, to achieve ‘transversal algorithmic fault tolerance’.
Through the combination of transversal operations and new strategies for correlated decoding, despite only having access to partial syndrome information, we prove that the deviation from the ideal logical measurement distribution can be made exponentially small in the distance, even if the instantaneous quantum state cannot be made close to a logical codeword because of measurement errors.
We supplement this proof with circuit-level simulations in a range of relevant settings, demonstrating the fault tolerance and competitive performance of our approach.
Our work sheds new light on the theory of quantum fault tolerance and has the potential to reduce the space–time cost of practical fault-tolerant quantum computation by over an order of magnitude."

From the abstract (3):
"Quantum simulations of many-body systems are among the most promising applications of quantum computers.
In particular, models based on strongly correlated fermions are central to our understanding of quantum chemistry and materials problems, and can lead to exotic, topological phases of matter.
However, owing to the non-local nature of fermions, such models are challenging to simulate with qubit devices.
Here we realize a digital quantum simulation architecture for two-dimensional fermionic systems based on reconfigurable atom arrays.
We utilize a fermion-to-qubit mapping based on Kitaev’s model on a honeycomb lattice, in which fermionic statistics are encoded using long-range entangled states. We prepare these states efficiently using measurement and feedforward, realize subsequent fermionic evolution through Floquet engineering with tunable entangling gates interspersed with atom rearrangement, and improve results with built-in error detection.
Leveraging this fermion description of the Kitaev spin model, we efficiently prepare topological states across its complex phase diagram and verify the non-Abelian spin-liquid phase3 by evaluating an odd Chern number.
We further explore this two-dimensional fermion system by realizing tunable dynamics and directly probing fermion exchange statistics.
Finally, we simulate strong interactions and study the dynamics of the Fermi–Hubbard model on a square lattice.
These results pave the way for digital quantum simulations of complex fermionic systems for materials science, chemistry and high-energy physics."

Clearing significant hurdle to quantum computing — Harvard Gazette "Harvard physicists working to develop game-changing tech demonstrate 3,000 quantum-bit system capable of continuous operation"








Monday, September 22, 2025

Harvard University: Did U.S.-Russia talks on Ukraine make things worse? Really!

More signs of Trump Derangement Syndrome? Why this headline?

My guess is that President Trump offered the megalomaniac and war criminal Putin the Terrible a last chance when he met him in Alaska to come clean on the double invasion of the Ukraine (2014, 2022). These two Russian invasions were in total violation of a bilateral agreement of 1994 between Russia and the Ukraine that promised among other things a secure territorial integrity of the Ukraine!
Maybe President Trump also wanted to signal to any Russian opposition that it was high time to remove Putin the Terrible and make Russia a peaceful and prosperous country again!

That President Trump may very well insist that Europe needs to take more care of its own defenses and rely less on the US for their defense since the Cold War ended in 1991. This is a very legitimate and overdue political goal for the US! Europe has been a free rider for far too long in this respect given e.g. the belligerent Putin the Terrible!

The recent uptick of Russian military provocations/aggressions against at least three NATO member countries appear to be Putin the Terrible's (age 72) last straw! Maybe resistance/opposition against him is building up in Russia. Maybe Putin the Terrible is on borrowed time and he knows it!

"... Russia [No! Putin the Terrible] may be hoping to leverage any disagreement between NATO and the U.S. over the appropriate response to the incursions to undermine solidarity and “hollow out” NATO’s Article 5 mutual security guarantee among members ...

“Russia [No! Putin the Terrible, the former KGB agent] excels in the gray zone, in areas where there’s murk and ambiguity, and this drone incursion is squarely in the gray zone,” ... that the U.S. and NATO should expect Russia to continue using drones and other forms of hybrid warfare in Europe and the Baltic states unless they’re deterred. ...

Another option open to Europe, one that it could take unilaterally, would be to hand Ukraine the $300 billion in frozen Russian assets as a kind of down payment on future reparations for the war ..."

Did U.S.-Russia talks on Ukraine make things worse? — Harvard Gazette "Incursions, increase in aggression really just part of ongoing push by Putin to destabilize ties of allies, scholars and analysts say"

Tuesday, September 16, 2025

Green-Mediterranean (including green tea and the aquatic plant Mankai) diet may slow brain aging. Really!

It seems the elite Harvard university is confused about what is the Mediterranean Diet! Or worse, the elite university is involved in dubious appropriating a famous diet by mixing things up!

The traditional Mediterranean Diet of Spain, France, Italy, and Greece does not include green tea or Mankai (Google search result confirmation).

Nice, and very deceptive try to exploit the benefits of the traditional Mediterranean Diet to add some green to it. These benefits of this traditional diet have been advertised and reported about for over 50 years.

"... Over the course of 18 months, the participants consumed one of three diets:
a standard healthy diet;
a traditional calorie-restricted Mediterranean diet, which was low in simple carbohydrates, rich in vegetables, and replaced red meat with poultry and fish; and
the green-Mediterranean diet, which additionally included green tea and Mankai. ...
"

Green-Mediterranean diet may slow brain aging | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

I wonder how many Italians, Spaniards, or Greeks drink e.g.


Friday, September 05, 2025

Smartphone use in the bathroom raise risk of hemorrhoids. Really!

I have serious doubts about these claims!

"Hemorrhoids are among the most frequent gastrointestinal complaints in the United States, sending millions of people to clinics and emergency rooms each year and costing the health system hundreds of millions of dollars.
Despite their prevalence, the causes remain poorly defined. Constipation, straining, pregnancy, and low-fiber diets have all been implicated, but physician-investigator Trisha Pasricha and colleagues wondered whether the modern habit of lingering in the bathroom with a phone might also play a role.

In a study of 125 adults undergoing routine colonoscopy at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, the team surveyed participants about toilet habits, smartphone use, diet, and activity levels, then compared responses with direct colonoscopy findings. 

The results revealed some surprising patterns:
  • Two-thirds of participants admitted to using their phones on the toilet.
  • Smartphone use on the toilet was associated with a 46 percent increased risk of having hemorrhoids.
  • Phone users were five times more likely to sit for more than five minutes per trip.
  • Younger adults were especially prone to the habit.
  • Smartphone users reported less weekly exercise than non-users.
..."

Does this cellphone habit raise risk of hemorrhoids? — Harvard Gazette "Gastroenterologist Trisha Pasricha discusses why new findings may change how you think about bathroom routines"


Gastroenterologist Trisha Pasricha. She cares about hemorrhoids. Too bad I don't have any hemorrhoids! Just kidding! 😊


Tuesday, August 26, 2025

Harvard U alumni travel: Luxurious Expedition to the North Pole & the Arctic with hybrid electric propulsion

An elite extravaganza! 😊

Pricing: From $38,000 to $171,000 per person.

"We invite you to be among the few in the world to embark on a once-in-a-lifetime 15-night journey— an extraordinary expedition to the Geographic North Pole aboard Le Commandant Charcot, the world’s only luxury icebreaker powered by hybrid-electric propulsion. ..."

Expedition to the North Pole & the Arctic aboard Le Commandant Charcot | Harvard Alumni




Saturday, July 26, 2025

Harvard’s ultra-thin chip could revolutionize quantum computing

Good news!

"Researchers at Harvard have created a groundbreaking metasurface that can replace bulky and complex optical components used in quantum computing with a single, ultra-thin, nanostructured layer. This innovation could make quantum networks far more scalable, stable, and compact. By harnessing the power of graph theory, the team simplified the design of these quantum metasurfaces, enabling them to generate entangled photons and perform sophisticated quantum operations — all on a chip thinner than a human hair. It's a radical leap forward for room-temperature quantum technology and photonics.

Key takeaways
  • New research shows that metasurfaces could be used as strong linear quantum optical networks
  • This approach could eliminate the need for waveguides and other conventional optical components
  • Graph theory is helpful for designing the functionalities of quantum optical networks into a single metasurface
..."

"... created specially designed metasurfaces — flat devices etched with nanoscale light-manipulating patterns —  to act as ultra-thin upgrades for quantum-optical chips and setups. ..."

From the abstract of the perspective:
"A photon—the smallest discrete unit (quantum) of light—is a fundamental concept in various technologies such as secure communication and quantum computing. Identical photons can “feel” each other’s presence on a beam splitter, an optical device that separates a beam of light into distinct paths.
This so-called quantum interference is a straightforward method for generating quantum entanglement, in which two or more photons are linked regardless of their distance.
Entangling photons that travel across multiple paths is one of the primary challenges in quantum technologies. Existing devices occupy immense space for a handful of photonic qubits (quantum bits analogous to classical bits). ...
Yousef et al. (1) report a metasurface—a planar array of structures with sizes smaller than the wavelength of light—that can manage photons on demand. This produces a special class of quantum states in a miniature optical device with micrometer dimensions."

From the editor's summary and abstract:
"Editor’s summary
The bunching and antibunching of interfering single photons is a fundamental quantum effect that underpins the development of optical-based quantum computing and communication. Extending this Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect to larger systems requires an increasing number of bulky optical components that would be practically infeasible. Yousef et al. report on the use of metasurfaces as a multiport HOM interferometer and related quantum correlation measurements ... They also introduce a graph-theoretic formalism that represents both metasurface-based quantum optics and the resulting nonclassical correlation landscape. Such graphs can be used for the design of scalable, low-decoherence quantum information infrastructures. ...

Abstract
Multiphoton interference and entanglement are fundamental to quantum information science, yet extending these effects to higher-dimensional systems remains challenging given the imperfections and complexity of scaling conventional linear-optical setups.
We present a generalized Hong-Ou-Mandel effect using metasurfaces and graph theory, achieving controlled multiphoton bunching, antibunching, and entanglement across parallel Jones matrix–encoded spatial modes—all within a single-layer metasurface.
A graph-theoretic dual framework is introduced that simultaneously encodes the metasurface-based multiport interferometer designs and its resulting nonclassical correlations, enabling the direct translation of linear quantum optical networks into a single-layer metasurface.
We also demonstrate the ability of metasurfaces to produce multipath-entangled states and perform transformations equivalent to higher-order Hadamard interferometers. Our results underscore metasurface quantum graphs for scalable, low-decoherence quantum information infrastructure."

Harvard’s ultra-thin chip could revolutionize quantum computing | ScienceDaily "Researchers blend theoretical insight and precision experiments to entangle photons on an ultra-thin chip."


Flat optics produces quantum graphs (perspective, no public access) "A miniature device links multiple photon paths for bespoke entanglement"



Schematic depiction of metasurface-based optical setup in the lab. 


Friday, June 06, 2025

Golden Dome dangers: An arms control expert explains how Trump’s missile defense threatens to make the US less safe. Really!

The author (a Harvard University professor) of this article seems to be a mouthpiece of a stooge for Putin the Terrible  and Xi Jinping!

He seems to be awfully stuck in Cold War thinking! However, he apparently did not understand that President Reagan's peace through strength helped to bring down the USSR and end the Cold War. The USSR was too dilapidated by communism to be able to compete. Russia under former KGB agent Putin the Terrible does not look much better!

He believes, among other things, that the Golden Dome would trigger another arms race. China and Russia would develop more offensive systems and so on.

First of all, a missile defense system is a defensive measure and can not be used offensively. This professor seems to ignore that fact!

Very likely, the aging Putin the Terrible (age 72) will not survive the Russo-Ukrainian War. Will the next Russian president be as belligerent and megalomaniac as Putin the Terrible? Maybe not!

"... I’m a national security and foreign policy professor at Harvard University, where I lead “Managing the Atom,” the university’s main research group on nuclear weapons and nuclear energy policies. For decades, I’ve been participating in dialogues with Russian and Chinese nuclear experts – and their fears about U.S. missile defenses have been a consistent theme throughout. ...

Trump’s goals for Golden Dome are likely beyond reach. A wide range of studies makes clear that even defenses far more limited than what Trump envisions would be far more expensive and less effective than Trump expects, especially against enemy missiles equipped with modern countermeasures. Countermeasures include multiple warheads per missile, decoy warheads and warheads that can maneuver or are difficult to track, among others. ..."

Golden Dome dangers: An arms control expert explains how Trump’s missile defense threatens to make the US less safe

Thursday, May 29, 2025

Take a stand, Abdul-Jabbar tells graduating seniors at Harvard University. Really!

Again Harvard University! Would not have crossed my mind to invite this phony dude for this event!

The basketball star was born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr.. in Harlem, NYC. His father was an immigrant from Trinidad.

Like Muhammad Ali, he is also a member of some group like the Nation of Islam.

The 78 year old man has still not recognized that his adoption of a Muslim name at age 24 in 1971 was a mistake! Does he not know that e.g. Arabs/Muslims were very actively involved in the slave trade and in colonising Africa.

According to Wikipedia: "He stated that he was "latching on to something that was part of my heritage, because many of the slaves who were brought here were Muslims [???]."

P.S. I am a big fan of NBA basketball and I greatly enjoyed playing amateur basketball myself in my younger days. I was a fan of e.g. Julius Erving (Dr. J is in the house).

"... On Wednesday, basketball hall of famer, writer, and social justice champion Kareem Abdul-Jabbar said that he counts Harvard University and President Alan Garber among “the others willing to take Dr. King’s place.” Then he asked the Class of 2025 whether he can count on them. ...

“When a tyrannical administration [???] tried to bully and threaten Harvard to give up their academic freedom and destroy free speech, Dr. Alan Garber rejected the illegal and immoral pressures the way Rosa Parks defied the entire weight of systemic racism in 1955,” ..."

Take a stand, Abdul-Jabbar tells graduating seniors — Harvard Gazette




Tuesday, May 27, 2025

Trump administration moves to cut $100 million in federal contracts for Harvard University

Relentless! When will it stop? President Trump is on a mission!

Will the money go to other universities?

Well, Harvard University has an endowment of $53 billion.

"... The government already has canceled more than $2.6 billion in federal research grants for the Ivy League school, which has pushed back on the administration’s demands for changes to several of its policies. ..."

Trump administration moves to cut $100 million in federal contracts for Harvard

Friday, May 16, 2025

Harvard Law School’s ‘copy’ of Magna Carta revealed as original

Amazing stuff!

"British researchers have discovered that a ‘copy’ of Magna Carta owned by Harvard Law School is in fact an extraordinarily rare original from 1300.

The discovery by leading Magna Carta experts from King’s College London and the University of East Anglia (UEA) means the document, which Harvard Law School acquired in the 1940s, is just one of just seven from King Edward I’s 1300 issue of Magna Carta that still survive. ...

The Harvard Law School Library bought the document known as ‘HLS MS 172’ in 1946 for a sum of $27.50, according to the library’s accession register. The auction catalogue described the manuscript as a “copy … made in 1327 … somewhat rubbed and damp-stained.” It had been purchased a month or so earlier by the London bookdealers Sweet & Maxwell, via Sotheby’s, from a Royal Air Force war hero for a mere £42. ..."

Harvard Law School’s ‘copy’ of Magna Carta revealed as original - Harvard Law School | Harvard Law School





Friday, May 02, 2025

Trump to take away Harvard University's tax exempt status

Good news! Bravo! An university with a huge endowment like Harvard U does not need billions of dollars in federal government funding!

Saves taxpayers' money and reduces the unsustainable government deficits and debt!