Good news! This might be a breakthrough! It was already discovered in 2022.
It has been known for a long time that snakes are protected from their own venom. Why was this fact not explored much earlier?
"Antivenom derived from rattlesnake blood can “powerfully neutralize” venom from a range of venomous snake species, finds a new study published in PNAS; researchers found that combinations of toxin-blocking proteins from the snake’s blood were ~10X times more potent than a current commercial antivenom."
"... researchers discovered a new approach to treating venomous snake bites—using the same toxin-blocking proteins that snakes evolved to protect themselves. The team found that specific combinations of blood proteins from western diamondback rattlesnakes provided unprecedented neutralizing power against the venom of multiple dangerous snake species. ...
Snakebites remain one of the world's most neglected tropical diseases. ...
In 2022, ... lab found part of the answer: a single protein called FETUA-3 that blocked the activity of many metalloproteinase toxins in the western diamondback’s venom. FETUA-3 also bound to and inhibited the toxins of venoms from several other rattlesnakes. ...
For the new study, ... investigated the individual roles of all FETUA proteins. They found that while one FETUA protein might reduce bleeding and another might affect enzyme activity, no one FETUA protein completely prevented death from a bite.
However, combining several of these proteins dramatically increased their ability to neutralize venom’s damaging effects. ..."
From the significance and abstract:
"Significance
Snakebite remains an undertreated tropical disease that affects over one million people annually, and new therapeutic approaches are needed. Here, we develop an approach to viper antivenoms inspired by the observations that these snakes are typically resistant to the hemorrhagic and lethal effects of their own venoms and that this resistance can be transferred to experimental animals through snake sera. We show that a small set of serum metalloproteinase inhibitors from the Western Diamondback rattlesnake are potent inhibitors of the lethality of its own venom, and able to block the lethality of other rattlesnakes and evolutionarily distant vipers. Recombinant natural antitoxins offer a promising approach for formulating more potent viper antivenoms.
Abstract
Snakebite maims or kills several hundred thousand people each year.
For more than a century, treatment has relied on antivenoms derived from animals immunized with whole venoms, but their efficacy, safety, and availability are highly variable, and it is often not well understood which specific venom components must be inhibited to prevent mortality and major morbidities.
New therapeutic approaches are needed.
Here, we take an evolutionary approach to antivenom design inspired by the longstanding observation that vipers have evolved serum-borne toxin inhibitors that confer resistance to their own venoms. We have investigated the abilities of a family of four rattlesnake metalloproteinase (MP) inhibitors derived from the ancestral serum glycoprotein Fetuin-A (FETUAs) to neutralize the enzymatic, hemorrhagic, and lethal activities of viper venoms.
We find that while certain individual FETUA proteins are able to inhibit enzymatic or hemorrhagic activity, they are unable or only partially able to inhibit venom lethality.
However, we show that specific combinations of FETUA proteins complement one another’s activities and are sufficient to fully neutralize rattlesnake venom lethality with approximately 10 times greater potency than commercial antivenom.
Moreover, we demonstrate that FETUA proteins are well conserved among viper subfamilies and that rattlesnake FETUAs are able to inhibit the MPs and neutralize the lethality of several evolutionarily distant pit viper or true viper venoms.
Our results highlight the critical importance of inhibiting MPs in hemorrhagic venoms and the potential general utility of combinations of naturally evolved, recombinant MP inhibitors in the treatment of viper snakebite."
Scientists Discover an Antidote to Lethal Snake Bites that Comes Straight from the Source (original news release) "A new UMD-led study provides a blueprint for the next generation of antivenoms—using snakes’ natural molecular defenses against their own deadly venom."
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