Amazing stuff!
"... Research, however, shows that these habits are far from being harmless. A recent large-scale study tracked the eating habits of more than 20,000 Korean adults, focusing on how regularly they ate breakfast, lunch, and dinner—including skipped and late-night meals.
The researchers found that people with irregular eating patterns were 1.55 times more likely to experience depression compared to those who were regular with their main-meal routines. This connection was stronger for men, smokers and late-night eaters. ..."
From the highlights and abstract:
"Highlights
• Nationwide sample of 21,568 Korean adults from KNHANES 2014–2022.
• Irregular meal consumption frequency linked to higher odds of depressive symptoms.
• Dietary diversity buffered, while breakfast skipping exacerbated the risk.
• Stronger associations observed in men, smokers, and late-night eaters.
• Meal pattern regularity identified as a modifiable nutritional target for prevention.
Abstract
Background
Irregular main-meal consumption frequency may disrupt metabolic and behavioral regulation, factors increasingly linked to affective disorders. However, evidence from nationally representative populations is limited.
Methods
We analyzed data from 21,568 adults in the 2014–2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the PHQ-9. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analyses were conducted, adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and nutritional factors. Moderation and subgroup analyses examined dietary diversity, breakfast skipping, and lifestyle variables.
Results
Irregular main-meal consumption frequency was associated with higher odds of depressive symptoms (adjusted OR for highest vs. lowest irregularity = 1.55, 95% CI 1.42–1.69, p < 0.001).
The association was strongest in those with the lowest dietary diversity, while greater variety buffered adverse effects. Frequent breakfast skipping heightened susceptibility. No higher-order interactions were observed. Subgroup analyses showed stronger associations in men, smokers, and late-night eaters, though these require cautious interpretation.
Limitations
Cross-sectional design, self-reported diet, and unmeasured confounders (stress, medication, sleep) may limit causal inference.
Conclusions
Irregular main-meal consumption frequency was associated with depressive symptoms, moderated by dietary diversity and breakfast habits, highlighting meal pattern regularity as a modifiable nutritional target for prevention."
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