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"... For example, a one-ounce sparrow will fly hundreds of miles every spring and fall, flapping nonstop for days without stopping for food or water. Two labs independently pinned birds’ seasonal sprints on differences in their mitochondria, which become “turbocharged” only during migration season — and then revert to their normal state during the rest of the year. ...
A body of work from different labs has pointed to mitochondria as the cellular metronome; these studies suggest that the rate at which mitochondria process molecules sets the rate of other cellular processes, such as gene expression and protein synthesis. In lab experiments, speeding up and slowing down the metabolic rates of mitochondria altered developmental rates too. ...
Now developmental biologists are finding that a cell’s metabolism and the products of its mitochondria help determine cell specialization during embryonic development, which shows how, at the molecular level, environment influences life in its earliest stages. ..."
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