Again, the AAAS gets caught publishing junk science, alarmism and hysteria!
Fact, methane is even more a trace gas in the atmosphere than CO2! "Yes, is classified as a trace gas in Earth's atmosphere because it exists in very small concentrations. ... methane comprises only about 0.00017% (roughly 1.7 to 1.9 parts per million) by volume" (Google AI)
In the near future, synthetically produced proteins and milk etc. will replace many cows nd so on!
The researchers even falsely claim "Ruminant livestock represent a major source of anthropogenic [???] methane ... Ruminant livestock represent a major source of anthropogenic methane"! Incredible! What a quackery!
Of course, the discovery of these new cell organelles, i.e. hydrogenobody is very relevant, but to associate this with the global warming hoax and climate change religion is junk!
"... Cows and other ruminant animals belch copious amounts [???] of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Now, researchers finally know just what makes their burps so methane-rich: newly discovered organelles called hydrogenobodies. They live within single-celled protozoa called ciliates, that themselves live in the first stomach of cows called the rumen, where plant matter gets broken down.
To find the methane menaces [???], researchers analyzed the genomes of 450 ciliates living in rumens, most of which had never been sequenced. They noticed that dairy cows with more ciliates produced more methane. The reason came down to a new organelle they dubbed the hydrogenobody, which produces hydrogen—a process that stimulates other microbes to produce methane. ..."
From the editor's summary and abstract:
"Editor’s summary
The microbial community living in the guts of cows and other ruminant animals produces methane gas, which is a contributor to global warming. Methanogenic archaea are the direct producers of that gas, but eukaryotic microbes called ciliates have been suspected to collude in the process. Xie et al. assembled a catalog of ciliate genomes across a range of ruminants and used it to determine the varied roles of ciliates in methane metabolism. The authors found that ciliates harbor their own particular single-membraned organelle to produce hydrogen gas, which skews the gas balance to drive methane production by nearby archaea in the rumen. ...
Structured Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Ruminant livestock represent a major source of anthropogenic methane [???], a potent greenhouse gas contributing substantially to global warming [???]. Within the rumen microbial ecosystem, ciliate protozoa account for up to 25% of the total microbial biomass and have long been associated with enhanced methane production. However, the precise mechanisms by which these ciliates promote methanogenesis have remained elusive.
RATIONALE
Building a comprehensive reference genome catalog for rumen ciliates is essential to enable high-resolution analysis of their community structure and to clarify their associations with methanogens and methane emissions. Such a genomic foundation is critical for discerning the differential roles of specific ciliate lineages in shaping ruminant methane emissions.
Furthermore, unlike prokaryotes, in which functional diversity stems mainly from metabolic variation, eukaryotes often evolve through innovations in cellular structure. As eukaryotes, rumen ciliates may influence methane production not only metabolically but also—and perhaps more substantially—through a specialized organelle.
RESULTS
We assembled a catalog of 450 rumen ciliate genomes, 87% of which are newly sequenced.
Using this resource, we measured methane emissions from 100 dairy cows and analyzed nearly 2000 rumen metagenomic and metatranscriptomic datasets. Our analyses demonstrated a strong correlation among ciliate abundance, methanogen abundance and activity, and methane emissions.
We further identified a previously unknown hydrogen-producing organelle called the hydrogenobody (HB), which underlies the taxon-specific influence of ciliates on methane production. The HB is enclosed by a single membrane, distinguishing it from canonical hydrogenosomes found in other protists, which are mitochondrion-derived organelles.
HBs are positioned near ciliary basal bodies and contain unique hydrogenases and oxygen reductases. Vestibuliferida ciliates harbor substantially more HBs than do Entodiniomorphida ciliates, correlating with their greater ciliary coverage. This structural distinction corresponds to elevated hydrogen-generation and oxygen-scavenging capacity, leading to a more pronounced stimulation of methanogenesis.
CONCLUSION
Our study provides a comprehensive genomic resource for rumen ciliates, reveals a new hydrogen-producing organelle that connects ciliate cellular activity to methane emissions, and uncovers the mechanistic basis of ciliate-driven methanogenesis in ruminants."
Rumen ciliates modulate methane emissions in ruminants (no public access)
Mechanistic model of rumen ciliate–driven methane production.
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