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Vaccine responses can be dramatically altered by changing the route of administration. To date, the majority of neoantigen (neoAg) cancer vaccines have been administered through the intramuscular (IM) vaccination route.
a, Intravenous (IV) vaccination allows systemic administration, leading to T cell priming in the spleen and systemic innate immune activation. Type I interferon generated through the IV vaccine response can alter the tumour microenvironment (TME) to activate dendritic cells and alter inhibitory macrophages to enhance T cell function. IV vaccination may be limited by risks of toxicity based on the type and duration of innate stimulation.
b, [intramuscular] vaccination is a commonly used and well tolerated route of vaccination. IM delivery mediates T cell priming locally near the site of injection and elicits more limited systemic innate immunity. (Source)

Fig. 3: Comparison of major routes of neoAg cancer vaccine administration