Cosmic Paradox Reveals the Awful Consequence of an Observer-Free Universe

Amazing stuff!

"When one applies the powerful tools of quantum gravity to an entire universe—not just black holes—a glaring paradox appears: in certain “observer-free” models of a closed cosmos, the universe seems to admit only a single possible quantum state. This conclusion, first raised by Juan Maldacena, Carl P. Feinberg Professor in the School of Natural Sciences, and several collaborators in the School—including Member Ahmed Almheiri; Raghu Mahajan, Member (2019–20) and Visitor (2017–19); and Ying Zhao, Member (2018–21)—challenges one of physics’s deepest ideals: the hope of an objective, observer-independent description of the universe.  ..."

"... But almost 30 years ago, a landmark paper ..., showed that difficult string theory calculations could sometimes be sidestepped and carried out using familiar concepts from particle physics instead. The catch is that this approach only works if the universe has an unusual “anti-de Sitter” geometry. An anti-de Sitter universe has a boundary, often illustrated to resemble a tin can. Remarkably, everything that happens inside the can, from colliding particles to spinning black holes, is revealed by shadows on the can’s outer boundary. It’s as if the 3D universe inside were equivalent to an image on a flat screen, a concept physicists call holography. ...

The problem is that we don’t live in an anti-de Sitter tin-can cosmos. The nature of the universe’s expansion implies that it has no boundary. No matter how far you travel, you will never hit an edge. ...

In 2024, ... began to work on the problem of how to put an observer into a closed universe. ... thought of the observer as introducing a new kind of boundary: not the edge of the universe, but the boundary of the observer themself. When you consider a classical observer inside a closed universe, all the complexity of the world  returns, Zhao and her collaborators showed.

The ... paper came out at the beginning of 2025, around the same time that another group came forward with a similar idea.  ...

If the idea holds up, using the subjective nature of the observer as a way to account for the complexity of the universe would represent a paradigm shift in physics. Physicists typically seek a view from nowhere, a stand-alone description of nature. ..."

Cosmic Paradox Reveals the Awful Consequence of an Observer-Free Universe | In the Media | Institute for Advanced Study

Cosmic Paradox Reveals the Awful Consequence of an Observer-Free Universe "Encouraged by successes in understanding black holes, theoretical physicists are applying what they’ve learned to whole universes. What they’re finding has them questioning fundamental assumptions about how physics ought to be done."

The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity (preprint, open access)

Quantum mechanics and observers for gravity in a closed universe (preprint, open access)

The gravitational path integral from an observer's point of view (preprint, open access)

Three of the Biggest Breakthroughs in Physics: 2025

Very recommendable! Excellent video! Perhaps, we are witnessing a paradigm shift in the physics of the universe since the Theory of General Relativity!

Stripped stars are like (hot) onions

Amazing stuff!

"... Researchers spotted the consequential supernova, called SN 2021yfj, from California’s Zwicky Transient Facility, then determined the elements being shed by it from Hawaii’s Keck Observatory. They found that the exploded star was about 60 times the mass of our Sun, 2.2 billion light-years away, and exhibited clear layers of heavier elements like argon and sulfur usually obscured behind its lighter outsides. The work “confirms this onion skin structure of massive stars that we all expected to see,” ..."

From the abstract:

"Stars are initially powered by the fusion of hydrogen to helium. These ashes serve as fuel in a series of stages, transforming massive stars into a structure of shells. These are composed of natal hydrogen on the outside and consecutively heavier compositions inside, predicted to be dominated by He, C/O, O/Ne/Mg and O/Si/S (refs. 4,5). Silicon and sulfur are fused into iron, leading to the collapse of the core and either a supernova explosion or the formation of a black hole.

Stripped stars, in which the outer hydrogen layer has been removed and the internal He-rich or even the C/O layer below it is exposed, provide evidence for this shell structure and the cosmic element production mechanism it reflects. The supernova types that arise from stripped stars embedded in shells of circumstellar material (CSM) confirm this scenario.

However, direct evidence for the most interior shells, which are responsible for producing elements heavier than oxygen, is lacking.

Here we report the discovery of the supernova (SN) 2021yfj resulting from a star stripped to its O/Si/S-rich layer. We directly observe a thick, massive Si/S-rich shell, expelled by the progenitor shortly before the supernova explosion. Exposing such an inner stellar layer is theoretically challenging and probably requires a rarely observed mass-loss mechanism.

This rare supernova event reveals advanced stages of stellar evolution, forming heavier elements, including silicon, sulfur and argon, than those detected on the surface of any known class of massive stars."

ScienceAdviser

Rare Supernova Rips Open a Star, Revealing Its Hidden Anatomy

Extremely stripped supernova reveals a silicon and sulfur formation site (no public access)

A cosmic formation site of silicon and sulphur revealed by a new type of supernova explosion (open access, this appears to be the reprint) 

This ‘jellyfish’ galaxy has bunny ears and swims in a galaxy cluster located in the Coma cluster

Since ancient times has it not been exciting to be an astronomer? 😊

"Astronomers have discovered a “jellyfish” galaxy whose unusual shape and internal mechanisms — including distinctive “bunny ears” and an inner “tail” — are giving researchers an unprecedented view of dynamics within one of the universe’s most extreme environments. ...

a new study ... focused on the internal and external forces influencing a galaxy known as NGC 4858, located in the Coma cluster, more than 300 million light-years from Earth.

Galaxy clusters are some of the largest structures in the universe, containing massive amounts of hot gas, dark matter, and hundreds — even thousands — of galaxies. As an individual galaxy moves through a cluster, extreme outside pressure (called ram pressure or “wind”) strips away a portion of the galaxy’s interior gas. This narrows and elongates the galaxy, giving it a “jellyfish” appearance right down to the long trails of gas and young stars that resemble jellyfish tendrils. ..."

From the abstract:

"We present new CO(2-1) observations (resolution pc) of the Coma cluster jellyfish galaxy NGC 4858 obtained from the ALMA-JELLY large program. Analyzing this data alongside complementary Subaru H and HST (F600LP / F350LP) observations, we find numerous structural and kinematic features indicative of the effects from strong, inclined ram pressure, including an asymmetric inner gas tail. We estimate a highly-inclined disk-wind angle of .

By subtracting a simple circular velocity model, we find 

(1): gas clumps that are being accelerated by ram pressure, and 

(2): signatures of gas clumps that had been previously pushed out of the disk but are now falling inwards.

We also discuss head-tail morphologies in star complexes within the stellar disk that appear to be RPS-influenced.

Lastly, we compare this galaxy to state-of-the-art galaxy ``wind tunnel'' simulations. We find that this galaxy is one of the best nearby examples of strong and inclined ram pressure gas stripping, and of gas that is perturbed by ram pressure but not fully stripped and falls back. We emphasize the importance of torques due to ram pressure in highly-inclined interactions, which help drive gas inwards on the side rotating against the wind, contributing to the formation of asymmetric inner RPS tails."

This ‘jellyfish’ has bunny ears — and swims in a galaxy cluster | Yale News "A Yale-led research team offers a detailed look at the inner workings of a “jellyfish” galaxy hundreds of millions of light-years away."

ALMA-JELLY I: High Resolution CO(2-1) Observations of Ongoing Ram Pressure Stripping in NGC 4858 Reveal Asymmetrical Gas Tail Formation and Fallback (open access)

A Hubble Space Telescope image of NGC 4858, showing the stellar tendrils extending north from the barred spiral disk. The cold molecular gas in NGC 4858, seen by the ALMA radio telescope with its “bunny ear” inner tail, is shown in orange.

A new side to dark energy steps into the light

Recommendable perspective/overview article on dark energy and latest findings!

"... Then, last year, the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument [DESI] uncovered a hint that all is not what it seems. ...

DESI was able to stitch together a flip-book of snapshots from the early universe until now. They then combined that data with studies of supernovae from another survey, the Dark Energy Survey. And what they found was that for the past few billion years or so, dark energy seems to have been weakening over time.  

Scientists were skeptical of the 2024 result; it would take compelling evidence to upend their decades-old paradigm of the cosmos. But on March 19 [2025], DESI’s team presented new results at the Global Physics Summit in Anaheim, California. One year and nine million more galaxies after their earlier announcement, the hypothesis that DESI is seeing a change in dark energy carries more weight than ever before.  ..."

A new side to dark energy steps into the light | symmetry magazine

New theory suggests universe’s highest-energy particles come from binary neutron star mergers, solving 60-year mystery

Amazing stuff!

"A more than 60-year mystery about the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays might be solved by a new theory.

Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are the highest-energy particles in the universe. The energies of these beams are more than a million times greater than the highest energies that humans can create. ..."

"... Farrar’s Physical Review Letters proposal explains, for the first time, two of the most mysterious features of UHECRs: the tight correlation between a UHECR’s energy and its electric charge and the extraordinary energy of a handful of the very highest energy events.

Stemming from Farrar’s analysis are two consequences that can provide experimental validation in future work:

• The very highest energy UHECRs originate as rare “r-process” elements, such as xenon and tellurium, motivating a search for such a component in the UHECR data. 
• Extremely high-energy neutrinos, originating from UHECR collisions, are necessarily accompanied by the gravitational wave produced in the parent neutron star merger.

..."

From the abstract:

"We propose that ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are produced in binary neutron star (BNS) mergers. This scenario can account for the heretofore inexplicable narrow rigidity range of UHECRs because the jets of BNS mergers are generated by a gravitationally driven dynamo and thus are nearly identical due to the narrow range of BNS masses. Observed UHECRs with energies well beyond 100 EeV can be explained as 𝑟-process nuclei, without invoking an exotic source class. Evidence for this mechanism, and its prediction of coincidences between neutrinos above 10 PeV and gravitational waves, are discussed."

New theory suggests universe’s highest-energy particles come from neutron star mergers, solving 60-year mystery

How Do the Universe’s Highest-Energy Particles Originate? (original news release) "New paper gives scientists a groundbreaking tool for understanding cataclysmic events"

Binary Neutron Star Mergers as the Source of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays (no public access)

These images show the merger of two neutron stars recently simulated using a new supercomputer model. Redder colors indicate lower densities. Green and white ribbons and lines represent magnetic fields. The orbiting neutron stars rapidly lose energy by emitting gravitational waves and merge after about three orbits, or in less than 8 milliseconds. The merger amplifies and scrambles the merged magnetic field. A black hole forms and the magnetic field becomes more organized, eventually producing structures capable of supporting the jets that power short gamma-ray bursts.

A cosmic neutrino of unknown origins smashes energy records detected by the new deep-sea neutrino telescope KM3Net

Amazing stuff!

"Packing a punch of some 220 million billion electron volts, this particle was around 20 times as energetic as the highest energy cosmic neutrinos seen before ... The particle was glimpsed by the partially built Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope, or KM3NeT. ..."

From the abstract:

"The detection of cosmic neutrinos with energies above a teraelectronvolt (TeV) offers a unique exploration into astrophysical phenomena. Electrically neutral and interacting only by means of the weak interaction, neutrinos are not deflected by magnetic fields and are rarely absorbed by interstellar matter: their direction indicates that their cosmic origin might be from the farthest reaches of the Universe.

High-energy neutrinos can be produced when ultra-relativistic cosmic-ray protons or nuclei interact with other matter or photons, and their observation could be a signature of these processes.

Here we report an exceptionally high-energy event observed by KM3NeT, the deep-sea neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea, which we associate with a cosmic neutrino detection.

We detect a muon with an estimated energy of 120 petaelectronvolts (PeV). In light of its enormous energy and near-horizontal direction, the muon most probably originated from the interaction of a neutrino of even higher energy in the vicinity of the detector.

The cosmic neutrino energy spectrum measured up to now falls steeply with energy. However, the energy of this event is much larger than that of any neutrino detected so far.

This suggests that the neutrino may have originated in a different cosmic accelerator than the lower-energy neutrinos, or this may be the first detection of a cosmogenic neutrino, resulting from the interactions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with background photons in the Universe."

A cosmic neutrino of unknown origins smashes energy records "Such high-energy neutrinos could offer insight into the universe’s most cataclysmic phenomena"

Observation of an ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrino with KM3NeT (open access)

Fig. 1: Views of the event.

New measurement confirms universe is expanding too fast for current models

Amazing stuff!

"... This discrepancy between model and data became known as the Hubble tension. Now, results ... provide even stronger support for the faster rate of expansion. ...

"The Universe really seems to be expanding fast. Too fast, even.

A new measurement confirms what previous — and highly debated — results had shown: The Universe is expanding faster than predicted by theoretical models, and faster than can be explained by our current understanding of physics. ...

Determining the expansion rate of the universe—known as the Hubble constant—has been a major scientific pursuit ever since 1929, when Edwin Hubble first discovered that the universe was expanding. ...

Measuring the Universe requires a cosmic ladder, which is a succession of methods used to measure the distances to celestial objects, with each method, or “rung,” relying on the previous for calibration. ..."

From the abstract (regrettably, an abstract written only for a few specialists):

"The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) collaboration measured a tight relation between the Hubble constant (H0) and the distance to the Coma cluster using the fundamental plane (FP) relation of the deepest, most homogeneous sample of early-type galaxies. To determine H0, we measure the distance to Coma by several independent routes, each with its own geometric reference. We measure the most precise distance to Coma from 13 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in the cluster with a mean standardized brightness of $m_B^0=15.710\pm 0.040$ mag. Calibrating the absolute magnitude of SNe Ia with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) distance ladder yields DComa = 98.5 ± 2.2 Mpc, consistent with its canonical value of 95–100 Mpc. This distance results in H0 = 76.5 ± 2.2 km s−1 Mpc−1 from the DESI FP relation. Inverting the DESI relation by calibrating it instead to the Planck+ΛCDM value of H0 = 67.4 km s−1 Mpc−1 implies a much greater distance to Coma, DComa = 111.8 ± 1.8 Mpc, 4.6σ beyond a joint, direct measure. Independent of SNe Ia, the HST Key Project FP relation as calibrated by Cepheids, the tip of the red giant branch from JWST, or HST near-infrared surface brightness fluctuations all yield DComa < 100 Mpc, in joint tension themselves with the Planck-calibrated route at >3σ. From a broad array of distance estimates compiled back to 1990, it is hard to see how Coma could be located as far as the Planck+ΛCDM expectation of >110 Mpc. By extending the Hubble diagram to Coma, a well-studied location in our own backyard whose distance was in good accord well before the Hubble tension, DESI indicates a more pervasive conflict between our knowledge of local distances and cosmological expectations. We expect future programs to refine the distance to Coma and nearer clusters to help illuminate this new local window on the Hubble tension."

Turning the Hubble tension into a crisis: New measurement confirms universe is expanding too fast for current models

Dan Scolnic Shows that the Universe Is Still Full of Surprises (original news release)

The Hubble Tension in Our Own Backyard: DESI and the Nearness of the Coma Cluster (open access)

Figure 1. (Left) The locations of the SNe Ia identified to be in the Coma cluster (yellow stars) and the galaxies identified to be in the Coma group as from the full S24 Coma group catalog (light gray circles), the S24 FP sample (dark blue circles), and the T15 Coma group catalog (light blue circles). The center of the cluster is marked in red. ...

(Right) For the rectangular box on the left, a colored image of that sky area with the SNe within that location marked.

The NEW Ultimate Energy Limit of the Universe with Matt O'Dowd

Very recommendable!

Can We Create New Elements Beyond the Periodic Table? with Matt O'Dowd

Very recommendable! Amazing stuff!

Colored Black Holes Explained with Mack O'Dowd

Very recommendable! Mind boggling! Primordial black holes, extremal black holes ... What happened in under one second after the Big Bang!

Electron-positron pair-plasma jets like from black holes and neutron stars are now generated at CERN

Amazing stuff!

"... These relativistic jets, as they’re called, are thought to contain a plasma made of electrons and their antimatter equivalent, positrons. ..."

"... That experiment generated extremely high yields of quasi-neutral electron-positron pair beams using more than 100 billion protons from the SPS accelerator. Each proton carries a kinetic energy that is 440 times larger than its resting energy. Because of such large momentum, when the proton smashes an atom, it has sufficient energy to release its internal constituents—quarks and gluons—which then immediately recombine to produce a shower that ultimately decays into electrons and positrons.

In other words, the beam they generated in the lab had enough particles to start behaving like a true astrophysical plasma. ..."

"... Relativistic beams of electron–positron pairs can be created in several ways at different types of laboratories, including high-power laser facilities. However, none of the existing ways can produce the number of electron–positron pairs that is required to sustain a plasma – a state of matter in which the constituent particles are very loosely connected. Without sustaining the plasma, researchers cannot investigate how these analogues of black hole jets change as they move through a laboratory equivalent of the interstellar medium. This investigation is key to explaining observations from ground- and space-based telescopes. ..."

From the abstract:

"Relativistic electron-positron plasmas are ubiquitous in extreme astrophysical environments such as black-hole and neutron-star magnetospheres, where accretion-powered jets and pulsar winds are expected to be enriched with electron-positron pairs. Their role in the dynamics of such environments is in many cases believed to be fundamental, but their behavior differs significantly from typical electron-ion plasmas due to the matter-antimatter symmetry of the charged components. So far, our experimental inability to produce large yields of positrons in quasi-neutral beams has restricted the understanding of electron-positron pair plasmas to simple numerical and analytical studies, which are rather limited. We present the first experimental results confirming the generation of high-density, quasi-neutral, relativistic electron-positron pair beams using the 440 GeV/c beam at CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) accelerator. Monte Carlo simulations agree well with the experimental data and show that the characteristic scales necessary for collective plasma behavior, such as the Debye length and the collisionless skin depth, are exceeded by the measured size of the produced pair beams. Our work opens up the possibility of directly probing the microphysics of pair plasmas beyond quasi-linear evolution into regimes that are challenging to simulate or measure via astronomical observations."

Plasma fireballs from black holes are now being made here on Earth Supermassive black holes have been known to belch gigantic beams of plasma into space – and now scientists have managed to recreate these fireballs in a lab at CERN.

Bringing black hole jets down to Earth The Fireball collaboration has used CERN’s HiRadMat facility to produce an analogue of the jets of matter and antimatter that stream out of some black holes and neutron stars

Pair plasmas found in deep space can now be generated in the lab An international team of scientists has developed a novel way to experimentally produce plasma ‘fireballs’ on Earth.

Laboratory realization of relativistic pair-plasma beams (open access)

HOW IT WORKS: A proton (far left) from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) accelerator at CERN impinges on carbon nuclei (small gray spheres). This produces a shower of various elementary particles, including a large number of neutral pions (orange spheres). As the unstable neutral pions decay, they emit two high-energy gamma rays (yellow squiggly arrows). These gamma rays then interact with the electric field of Tantalum nuclei (large gray spheres), generating electron and positron pairs and resulting in the novel electron-positron fireball plasma. Because of these cascade effects, a single proton can generate many electrons and positrons, making this process of pair plasma production extremely efficient.

Fig. 1: Experimental setup.

Astronomers watch a supermassive black hole turn on as galactic nuclei for the first time

Amazing stuff!

"Over the past four years, astronomers have been able to watch the supermassive black hole in SDSS1335+0728’s center go from dim and quiet to bright and active, the first time such a transition has been observed in real time, researchers report June 18 in Astronomy and Astrophysics. The finding will provide insights into the processes powering active galactic nuclei, or AGN, which occur when supermassive black holes consume enormous amounts of material, becoming bright enough to be seen clear across the cosmos ...

Located 300 million light-years from Earth, SDSS1335+0728 first caught scientists’ attention in December 2019, when the Zwicky Transient Facility at Palomar Observatory in California noticed it brightening dramatically in optical wavelengths. ..."

"... The team tried to understand these brightness variations using a combination of archival data and new observations from several facilities, including the X-shooter instrument on ESO’s VLT in Chile’s Atacama Desert [2]. Comparing the data taken before and after December 2019, they found that SDSS1335+0728 is now radiating much more light at ultraviolet, optical, and infrared wavelengths. The galaxy also started emitting X-rays in February 2024. “This behaviour is unprecedented,”  ..."

From the abstract:

"Context.
The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’.

Aims
We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728.

Methods.
We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728

in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra.

Results
From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that:
(a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004;
(b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two

times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and
(c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission.

From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that
(i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum;
(ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and
(iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region.

Conclusions
We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGN observed in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour."

Astronomers watch a supermassive black hole turn on for the first time Somewhere in the not-too-distant universe, a galaxy named SDSS1335+0728 is waking up.

Astronomers see a massive black hole awaken in real time (original news release) In late 2019 the previously unremarkable galaxy SDSS1335+0728 suddenly started shining brighter than ever before. To understand why, astronomers have used data from several space and ground-based observatories, including the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (ESO’s VLT), to track how the galaxy’s brightness has varied. In a study out today, they conclude that they are witnessing changes never seen before in a galaxy — likely the result of the sudden awakening of the massive black hole at its core.

SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ~10^6 M_sun black hole

Artist’s impression: the galaxy SDSS1335+0728 lighting up

Is It IMPOSSIBLE To Cross The Event Horizon? | Black Hole Firewall Paradox with Matt O'Dowd

Not sure I can recommend this one! If any none expert understands more than 20% of what Matt was explaining in this about 18 minute long video, you can apply at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ.

Launching a Giant Magnet into Space to discover anti matter

Very recommendable! This is a historic retrospective (it happened in 2011)! So far only anti helium was found. Do we need a better detector out in space? You bet!

Does Space Emerge From A Holographic Boundary?

Recommendable! However, as the title already suggests, this video is not easy to follow probably for any non physicist!

Achieving 50:50 Gender quota at the ASTRO 3D research center in Australia. Absurd!

Australian taxpayers pay for this woke nonsense! I would even say this is unconstitutional!

This is socialist central planning!

Science suffers when a gender quota is enforced! Mediocrity wins over meritocracy!

"“Over the course of this Centre, we seek to achieve a fraction of 50% females at all levels including the executive, the Advisory committee, and at all Centre sponsored events (including speakers), as well as equity in salaries and opportunities.”"

"ASTRO 3D is a seven-year $40 million Centre of Excellence project funded by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council (ARC). The Centre began in June 2017 and will end in June 2024. Our Centre unifies over 250 world-leading astronomers to understand the evolution of matter, light and the elements, from the Big Bang to the present day. We are combining innovative optical and radio 3D technology with new theoretical supercomputer simulations on a massive scale, requiring new big data techniques." (Source)

How this astrophysics center achieved gender parity With a combination of recruitment and retention policies over 5 years, ASTRO 3D reached 50% women scientists

Achieving 50:50 Gender - ASTRO 3D

What If Gravity is NOT Quantum?

As usual, very recommendable! Mind boggling. Is the graviton an extremely small black hole?

What If Space is NOT Empty?

Very recommendable!

NASA: Gravitational Waves: Ripples In Space-Time

Recommendable!